Four things that matter more than the Paris Agreement
Jennifer Perron
Friday, March 9, 2018
Editor's Note: David Victor and Bruce Jones detail opportunities for furthering climate action in a new report “Undiplomatic Action: A practical guide to the new politics and geopolitics of climate change.” Below is a summary of the report, the first in a series from the Cross-Brookings Initiative on Energy and Climate, which focuses on the political and economic underpinnings of major energy and climate issues.
Much attention has been paid in recent years to achieving a global agreement on climate change—a feat that eluded governments for over two decades until the 2015 Paris Agreement. Once achieved, many hailed the agreement as a significant success for multilateral diplomacy. Still others pointed to its shortcomings—notably, that countries’ emissions reductions pledges did not “add up” to enough to stave off the worst impacts of climate change.
In a new report, “Undiplomatic Action: A practical guide to the new politics and geopolitics of climate change,” David Victor and Bruce Jones write:
“Without confidence in new technologies and the policy and investment support that follows from that confidence, even the most advanced and elaborated global diplomatic agreements can only produce an ever-wider chasm between stated goals and realistically achievable outcomes.”
The Paris Agreement re-emerged in the headlines in June 2017 when President Trump announced his intention to withdraw the United States from the agreement, a move a number of Brookings experts analyzed. While arguing that this decision was misguided, Victor and Jones suggest that “its impact on the actual progress toward the goal of minimizing and managing the damages of climate change is easy to overstate.”
In the paper, they outline four key factors they believe matter even more than the global agreement:
1. Facilitate leadership through small groups
In terms of global emissions, they point out, not all countries are created equal. In this respect, some countries simply “matter” more. The United States, China, and India combined, for example, comprise more than 40 percent of global emissions. Therefore, focusing on advances among small groups of heavy emitters may prove more effective than consensus-based multilateral approaches.
They assert that important transitions are occurring not only at the national level, but also—as recently evidenced in the United States—the actions of states, cities, universities, and private firms are advancing energy transitions. “Achievement of the Paris goals,” they summarize, “was always going to require much deeper changes than diplomacy alone could deliver.”
2. Focus on near-term emissions reductions
The up-front costs and short-term political risks of tackling climate change often outweigh benefits that may only be seen over longer time horizons. Thus, Victor and Jones contend that firms and governments should hone in on short-lived climate pollutants, such as methane and soot, which have associated health impacts, and on which near-term successes can be seen.
3. Invest in technological innovation
The Paris Agreement achieved in setting countries’ aspirational emissions reductions targets. However, the authors point to analyses that have shown that, not only are these targets insufficient to meet the overall objective of limiting warming below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, but, further, many countries are not on track to meet their goals. To achieve the significant emissions reductions scientists say are needed by mid-century, Victor and Jones suggest, means investing in technological innovation, including in sequestration, advancing renewables, and in the shift toward electrification, particularly of the transport sector.
4. Demonstrate success and enable better governance
They reflect: “Continuous advances in the Paris Agreement are all well and good, but not if they serve to simply open up an ever-wider gap between aspirational goals and implementable realities.” In comparing the Paris Agreement to other major international agreements in other domains, such as arms control or trade, the authors note that in other realms countries have placed greater emphasis on legal stringency and ensuring compliance. To make progress, they highlight that demonstrations of early success are needed, alongside an increasing focus on the monitoring and reporting of emissions reductions.
In sum, Victor and Jones conclude that what “matters most” is not furthering the goalposts of multilateral diplomacy, but rather, “underlying facts on the ground.” They note: “Shifting the focus to niches, to innovation, to small groups that can drive action–all of this is part of creating the conditions under which it is realistic to shift policy, both national and global, through which deep transformation of energy systems will occur.”
